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Sports Supplements & Nutritional Supplement Reviews > Pycnogenol Review of Antioxidant Pycnogenol
What is Pycnogenol? Pycnogenol is the brand name for a standaridized herbal extract from the bark of the French maritime pine tree. The extract contains a potent blend of active phenolic compounds including: catechin, taxifolium, procyanidins, and phenolic acids. Pycnogenol is known to be one of the most potent anti-oxidant compounds currently known (Packer et al., 1999). In fact, research has demonstrated that Pycnogenol is atleast 50-100 times more powerful than vitamin E (Nelson et al., 1998). It is extremely effective at inactivating and neutralising free-radicals (molecules that damage any structure they come into contact with – but in addition it also has the ability to recycle and prolong the life span of key vitamins C and E. Research has demonstrated many positive benefits from Pycnogenol supplementation including: 1) prevention of blood clots; 2) protects DNA from damage; 3) lowers blood sugar levels; 4) lowers blood pressure; 5) reduces the risk of cancer; 6) protects cells from the damage of UV radiation; 7) protects against the damaging effects of cigarette smoke; 8) improves sperm quality; 9) improves wound healing; 10) improves lung function in asthmatics; 11) increase the break down of fats; 12) reduces the storage of fats within fat cells. It may also be of benefit to sports people by reducing the amount of damage caused by free radicals during exercise. Who Should Consider Taking Pycnogenol? Pycnogenol should provide health benefits to everyone. Because it is such a potent anti-oxidant, it protects against the damaging effects of free-radicals, and therefore may slow down the natural process of aging. It could also be useful to sports people looking to improve recovery following exercise. Summary of Pycnogenol's Phyiological Effects:
Pycnogenol Research Pycnogneol is known to be one of the most potent anti-oxidants currently known, and is many times more powerful than both vitamins C and E (Nelson et al., 1998; Packer et al., 1999). As well as being an extremely potent anti-oxidant it actually recycles vitamins C and E, allowing them to be re-used, and prolonging their life span. In addition, Pycnogenol increases the production of our own natural anti-oxidant defenses (Wei et al., 1997). Anti-oxidants protect against the cell damaging effects of free-radicals. Free-radicals are by products of normal physiological processes that cause damage to any substance they come into contact with. Since free-radicals are thought to be a major cause of aging and play a key role in the development of many diseases associated with aging, like heart disease and dementia, the use of powerful anti-oxidants, like Pycnogenol, are believed to help to slow the ageing process and counteract some of the problems associates with aging. Research looking at the effects of Pycnogenol on blood pressure, found that it is able to significantly lower blood pressure in moderately hypertensive patients (Hosseini et al., 2001a). In this study just 200mg daily was enough to have a significant reduction on both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The four patients that had the highest systolic blood pressure (average 150mmHg) showed the most significant decrease in systolic pressure (average 134mmHg), following supplementation. The researchers believed that it was Pycnogenol’s ability to elevate nitric oxide production that was the primary reason for reduced blood pressure. Previous research has shown that Pycnogenol can increase nitric oxide production (Fitzpatrick, 1998). Nitric oxide causes blood vessels to relax, increasing blood flow, and decreasing blood pressure. Further research also supports the use of Pycnogenol in moderately high blood pressure patients (Liu et al., 2004a). Pycnogenol has also proved to be effective at reducing the risk of blood clots (Belcaro et al., 2004). This study looked at the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) during long haul flights (average flight time was 8 hours 15 minutes). In the Pycnogenol group there was no cases of DVT whereas in the group without placebo there were five cases of thrombosis. The researchers concluded that Pycnogenol was effective at reducing the risk of blood clots. Pycnogenol is believed to have this beneficial effect by relaxing blood vessels which increases blood flow, and through a reduction in the stickiness of the blood (Putter et al., 1999; Araghi-Niknam et al., 2000). A reduced risk of blood clots is particularly important since when blood clots can cause strokes and heart attacks and therefore present a very serious health threat. Research also shows that Pycnogenol can help to keep blood vessels functioning properly. When we age our blood vessels loose their natural elasticity, can start to leak fluid, and start to loose their natural shape. Pycnogenol is able to bind to collagen – a key protein that gives strength and elasticity to blood vessels – protecting it from damage caused by free radicals. It can also help to repair worn out capillaries, reducing the leakage of fluids from them (Gapalti, 1999). As such it has proved effective in the treatment of the painful swelling around the ankles during long haul flights (Cesarone et al., 2005) and is often taken to reduce the risk of developing thread veins and to slow their progression. Pycnogenol appears to be effective at preventing the build up of fatty deposits within artery walls. When low density lipoprotein – the bad form of cholesterol – is oxidised by a free-radical it becomes sticky and accumulates on the inner lining of blood vessels. As we age, particularly if we eat unhealthily, the inner lining of blood vessels get more and more clogged with fatty deposits, and reduces blood flow. When this occurs to the capillaries supplying the heart it is a particular concern as it can eventually lead to a heart attack if blood supply is completely blocked. However, researchers have found that Pycnogenol, inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol and therefore helps to prevent the build up of fatty deposits on the inner lining of blood vessels (Nelson et al., 1998). It also appears to be effective at controlling blood sugar levels. Research by Liu et al., (2004b) found that just 100mg daily of Pycnogenol significantly lowered blood sugar levels in Type II diabetes patients. The blood sugar lowering effect also suggests that Pycnogenol may also prove to be beneficial for weight management. In fact research has found that pycnogenol stimulates the break down of fats from within fat cells (Hasegawa, 1999; Mochizuki and Hasegawa, 2004) as well as inhibiting the build up of fats within fat cells (Hasegawa, 2000). Asthmatics may also benefit from Pycnogenol. Researchers studied the effects of consuming 1mg of Pycnogenol, per pound of body weight, per day, in asthmatic patients (Hosseini et al., 2001b). The researchers found that the subjects total lung volume increased significantly following Pycnogenol consumption. Asthma is known to be caused by an immune reaction that reduces airflow into the lungs. The researchers found that improved airway function corresponded with a reduced immune reaction following supplementation. Therefore, Pycnogenol could prove effective in the treatment in other inflammatory immune diseases such as the inflammatory skin disorder psoriasis (Rihn et al., 2001). Research has also shown that pycnogenol may prove to be effective at reducing the risk of some types of cancer (Peng et al., 2004; Sime and Reeve, 2004). It also appears to help to prevent sunburn and photoaging caused by ultraviolet radiation (Saliou et al., 2001). It may even prove to beneficial for reducing cramps and pain associated menstrual disorders (Kohama and Suzuki, 1999), and may improve both sperm quality and sperm function, and could therefore be of benefit to couples looking to improve their fertility naturally (Roseff, 2002). Even sports people may benefit from Pycnogenol. When we exercise, the number of free-radicals, in our bodies, increases dramatically. Since, free-radicals damage everything they come into contact with, including muscle fibres. Research has shown that free-radicals caused by exhaustive exercise can cause muscle cells to completely rupture (Vina et al., 2000). By taking a potent anti-oxidant like Pycnogenol you can counteract the damage caused by free-radicals and thus gain more benefit from exercise. Researchers have found that Pycnogenol may even enhance human exercise performance (Pavlovic, 1999). In this study, athletes improved endurance by 21%, following consumption of 200mg of Pycnogenol. One of the most interesting pieces of research with regards to sport was a paper looking at the effects of Pycnogenol on human growth hormone (HGH) (Buz’Zard et al., 2002). The researchers found that Pycnogenol was extremely effective at enhancing growth hormone secretion in cultured cells. The authors stated: “It is tempting to sugest that Pycnogenol is up to 1000 times more effective than the other compounds we studied. They also suggested that some of the positive effects often seen with Pycnogenol could in fact be due to enhanced growth hormone secretion. Enhancing human growth hormone naturally, with Pycnogenol, would be very beneficial for anyone looking to improve recovery from exercise. Since growth hormone increases lean muscle mass, and decreases fat mass, Pycnogenol could be of benefit to people looking to increase muscle mass and decrease fat mass. Pycnogenol appears to be well tolerated with few adverse side effects (Liu et al., 2004a; Liu et al., 2004b). Is Pycnogenol effective? A large number of research studies have found pycnogenol to be effective for a large number of health benefits, including: hypertension; reducing the risk of blood clots; reducing the build up of fatty deposits within arteries; controlling blood sugar; improving lung function in asthmatics; reducing risk of some cancers; protecting skin from sun damage; improving fertility; and may be beneficial to sports people. How to take Pycnogenol? Most researchers have used 100-200mg of pycnogenol, daily, for specific health conditions like raised blood pressure, type II diabetes. For general health benefits 50-100mg should be effective. Araghi-Niknam, M., Hossini, S., Larson, D., Rohdewald, P. and Watson, R. R. (2000) Pine bark extract reduces platelet aggregation. Integr Med. 2 (2), 73-77. Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Rohdewald, P., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Dugall, M., Griffin, M., Ruffini, I., Accerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M., Ceitelli, F. (2004) Prevention of venous thrombohlebitis in long-haul flights with Pycnogenol. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 10 (4), 373-377. Buz’Zard, A. R., Peng, Q. and Lau, S. H. (2002) Kyolic and Pycnogenol increases human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 12, 34-40. Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ippolito, E., Scocianti, M., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Accerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M. and Mucci, F. (2005) Prevention of edema in long flights with pycnogenol. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 11 (3), 289-294. Fitzpatrick, D. F., Bing, B. and Rohdewald, P. (1998) Endothelium-dependent vascular effects of pycnogenol. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 32, 509-515. Gulati, O. P. (1999) Pycnogenol in venous disorders: A review. Eur Bull Drug Res. 7 (2), 8-13. Hasegawa, N. (1999) Stimulation of lipolysis by pycnogenol. Phytother Res. 13 (7), 619-620. Hasegawa, N. (2000) Inhibition of lipogenesis by pycnogenol. Phytother Res. 14 (6), 472-473. Hosseini, S., Lee, J., Sepulveda, R. T., Fagan, T., Rohdewald, P. and Watson, R. R. (2001) A Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, prospective, 16 week crossover study to determine the role of Pycnogenol in modifying blood pressure in mildly hypertensive patients. Nutr Res. 21 (9), 67-76. Hosseini, S., Pishnamazi, S., Sadrzadeh, S. M. H., Farid, F., Farid, R. and Watson, R. R. (2001b) Pycnogenol in the management of asthma. Journal of Medicinal Food. 4 (4), 201-209. Kohana, T. and Suzuki, N. (1999) The treatment of gynaecological disorders with Pynogenol. Eur Bull Drug Res. 7, 30-32. Liu, X., Wei, J., Tan, F., Zhou, S., Wurthwein, G. and Rohdewald, P. (2004a) Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patienst. Life Sci. 74 (7), 855-862. Liu, X., Wei, J., Tan, F., Zhou, S., Wurthwein, G., Rohdewald, P. (2004b) Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II. Life Sci. 75 (21), 2505-2513. Mochizuki, M. and Hasegawa, N. (2004) Pycnogenol stimulates lipolysis in 3t3-L1 cells via stimulation of beta-receptor mediated activity. Phytother Res. 18 (12), 1029-1030. Nelson, A. B., Lau, B. H., Ide, N. and Rong, Y. (1998) Pycnogenol inhibits macrophage oxidative burst, lipoprotein oxidation, and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA damage. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 24 (2), 139-144. Peng, Q., Wei, Z. and Lau, B. H. (2000) Pycnogenol inhibits tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 57 (5), 834-841. Packer, L., Rimbach, G. and Virgili, F. (1999) Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from Pine (Pinus maritime) bark, Pycnogenol. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 27 (5/6), 704-724. Pavlovic, P. (1999) Improved endurance by use of antioxidants. Eur Bull Drug Res. 7 (2), 26-29. Putter, M., Crotemeyer, K. H., Wurthwein, G., Araghi-Niknam, M., Watson, R. R., Hosseini, S. and Rohdewals, P. (1999) Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and pycnogenol. Thromb Res. 95 (4), 155-161. Roseff, S. J. (2002) Improvement in sperm quality and function with French maritime pine tree bark extract. J Reprod Med. 47 (10), 821-824. Rihn, B. Saliou, C., Bottin, M. C., Keith, G. and Packer, L. (2001) From ancient remedies to modern therapeutics: Pine bark uses in skin disorders revisited. Phytother Res. 15, 76-78. Saliou, C. Rimbach, G., Moini, H., McLaughlin, L., Hosseini, S., Lee, J., Watson, R. R. and Packer, L. (2001) Solar ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin and nuclear factor-kappa-B-dependent gene expression in keratinocytes are modulated by a French maritime pine bark extract. Free Rad Biol Med. 30 (2), 154-160. Simme, S. and Reeve, V. E. (2004) Protection from inflammation, immunosuppression and carcinogenesis induced by UV radiation in mice by topical Pycnogenol. Photochem Photobiol. 79 (2), 193-198. Tixier, J. M., Godeau, G., Robert, A. M. and Hornebeck, W. (1984) Evidence by in vivo and in vitro studies that binding of Pycnogenol to elastin affects its rate of degradation by elastase. Biochem Pharmacol. 33, 3933-3939. Vina, J., Gomez-Cabrera, M. C., Lloret, A., Marquez, R., Minana, J. B., Pallardo, F. V. and Sastre, J. (2000) Free radicals in exhaustive physical exercise: mechanism of production and protection by antioxidants. Life. 50 (4-5), 271-277. Wei, Z., Peng, Q. and Lau, B. H. S. (1997) Pycnogenol enhances endothelial cell antioxidant defences. Redox Rep. 3, 147-155.
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